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CTLs discriminate between HLA-B*4402 and B*4403, and these allotypes stimulate strong mutual allogeneic responses reflecting their known barrier to hemopoeitic stem cell transplantation. Although HLA-B*4402 and B*4403 share >95% of their peptide repertoire, B*4403 presents more unique peptides than B*4402, consistent with the stronger T cell alloreactivity observed toward B*4403 compared with B*4402. Crystal structures of B*4402 and B*4403 show how the polymorphism at position 156 is completely buried and yet alters both the peptide and the heavy chain conformation, relaxing ligand selection by B*4403 compared with B*4402. Thus, the polymorphism between HLA-B*4402 and B*4403 modifies both peptide repertoire and T cell recognition, and is reflected in the paradoxically powerful alloreactivity that occurs across this \"minimal\" mismatch. The findings suggest that these closely related class I genes are maintained in diverse human populations through their differential impact on the selection of peptide ligands and the T cell repertoire.","bibjson":{"author":[{"initials":"WA","lastname":"Macdonald","name":"Macdonald WA"},{"initials":"AW","lastname":"Purcell","name":"Purcell AW"},{"initials":"NA","lastname":"Mifsud","name":"Mifsud NA"},{"initials":"LK","lastname":"Ely","name":"Ely LK"},{"initials":"DS","lastname":"Williams","name":"Williams DS"},{"initials":"L","lastname":"Chang","name":"Chang L"},{"initials":"JJ","lastname":"Gorman","name":"Gorman JJ"},{"initials":"CS","lastname":"Clements","name":"Clements CS"},{"initials":"L","lastname":"Kjer-Nielsen","name":"Kjer-Nielsen L"},{"initials":"DM","lastname":"Koelle","name":"Koelle DM"},{"initials":"SR","lastname":"Burrows","name":"Burrows SR"},{"initials":"BD","lastname":"Tait","name":"Tait BD"},{"initials":"R","lastname":"Holdsworth","name":"Holdsworth R"},{"initials":"AG","lastname":"Brooks","name":"Brooks AG"},{"initials":"GO","lastname":"Lovrecz","name":"Lovrecz GO"},{"initials":"L","lastname":"Lu","name":"Lu L"},{"initials":"J","lastname":"Rossjohn","name":"Rossjohn J"},{"initials":"J","lastname":"McCluskey","name":"McCluskey J"}],"identifier":[{"id":"10.1084/jem.20030066","type":"doi"},{"id":"12939341","type":"pubmed"}],"issue":["5"],"journal":{"iso_abbreviation":"J. 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