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T-cell immunity directed at conserved viral regions promotes enhanced recovery from influenza virus infections, with there being some evidence of cross-protection directed at variable peptides. Strikingly, many of the immunogenic peptides derived from the current pandemic A(H1N1)-2009 influenza virus are representative of the catastrophic 1918 \"Spanish flu\" rather than more recent \"seasonal\" strains. We present immunological and structural analyses of cross-reactive CD8(+) T-cell-mediated immunity directed at a variable (although highly cross-reactive) immunodominant NP(418-426) peptide that binds to a large B7 family (HLA-B*3501/03/0702) found throughout human populations. Memory CD8(+) T-cell specificity was probed for 12 different NP(418) mutants that emerged over the 9 decades between the 1918 and 2009 pandemics. Although there is evidence of substantial cross-reactivity among seasonal NP(418) mutants, current memory T-cell profiles show no preexisting immunity to the 2009-NP(418) variant or the 1918-NP(418) variant. Natural infection with the A(H1N1)-2009 virus, however, elicits CD8(+) T cells specific for the 2009-NP(418) and 1918-NP(418) epitopes. This analysis points to the potential importance of cross-reactive T-cell populations that cover the possible spectrum of T-cell variants and suggests that the identification of key residues/motifs that elicit cross-reactive T-cell sets could facilitate the evolution of immunization protocols that provide a measure of protection against unpredicted pandemic influenza viruses. Thus, it is worth exploring the potential of vaccines that incorporate peptide variants with a proven potential for broader immunogenicity, especially to those that are not recognized by the current memory T-cell pool generated by exposure to influenza variants that cause successive seasonal epidemics.","bibjson":{"author":[{"initials":"S","lastname":"Gras","name":"Gras S"},{"initials":"L","lastname":"Kedzierski","name":"Kedzierski L"},{"initials":"SA","lastname":"Valkenburg","name":"Valkenburg SA"},{"initials":"K","lastname":"Laurie","name":"Laurie K"},{"initials":"YC","lastname":"Liu","name":"Liu YC"},{"initials":"JT","lastname":"Denholm","name":"Denholm JT"},{"initials":"MJ","lastname":"Richards","name":"Richards MJ"},{"initials":"GF","lastname":"Rimmelzwaan","name":"Rimmelzwaan GF"},{"initials":"A","lastname":"Kelso","name":"Kelso A"},{"initials":"PC","lastname":"Doherty","name":"Doherty PC"},{"initials":"SJ","lastname":"Turner","name":"Turner SJ"},{"initials":"J","lastname":"Rossjohn","name":"Rossjohn J"},{"initials":"K","lastname":"Kedzierska","name":"Kedzierska K"}],"identifier":[{"id":"10.1073/pnas.1007270107","type":"doi"},{"id":"20616031","type":"pubmed"}],"issue":["28"],"journal":{"iso_abbreviation":"Proc. 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