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recognition of pathogen-derived peptides by T lymphocytes is the cornerstone of adaptive immunity, whereby intracellular antigens are degraded in the cytosol and short peptides assemble with class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules in the ER. These peptide-HLA complexes egress to the cell surface and are scrutinized by cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells leading to the eradication of the infected cell. Here, naturally presented HLA-B*57:01 bound peptides derived from the envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIVenv) are identified. HIVenv peptides are present at a very small percentage of the overall HLA-B*57:01 peptidome (<0.1%) and both native and posttranslationally modified forms of two distinct HIV peptides are identified. Notably, a peptide bearing a natively encoded C-terminal tryptophan residue is also present in a modified form containing a kynurenine residue. Kynurenine is a major product of tryptophan catabolism and is abundant during inflammation and infection. Binding of these peptides at a molecular level and their immunogenicity in preliminary functional studies are examined. Modest immune responses are observed to the modified HIVenv peptide, highlighting a potential role for kynurenine-modified peptides in the immune response to HIV and other viral infections.","bibjson":{"author":[{"initials":"SH","lastname":"Ramarathinam","name":"Ramarathinam SH"},{"initials":"S","lastname":"Gras","name":"Gras S"},{"initials":"S","lastname":"Alcantara","name":"Alcantara S"},{"initials":"AWS","lastname":"Yeung","name":"Yeung AWS"},{"initials":"NA","lastname":"Mifsud","name":"Mifsud NA"},{"initials":"S","lastname":"Sonza","name":"Sonza S"},{"initials":"PT","lastname":"Illing","name":"Illing PT"},{"initials":"EN","lastname":"Glaros","name":"Glaros EN"},{"initials":"RJ","lastname":"Center","name":"Center RJ"},{"initials":"SR","lastname":"Thomas","name":"Thomas SR"},{"initials":"SJ","lastname":"Kent","name":"Kent SJ"},{"initials":"N","lastname":"Ternette","name":"Ternette N"},{"initials":"DFJ","lastname":"Purcell","name":"Purcell DFJ"},{"initials":"J","lastname":"Rossjohn","name":"Rossjohn J"},{"initials":"AW","lastname":"Purcell","name":"Purcell AW"}],"identifier":[{"id":"10.1002/pmic.201700253","type":"doi"},{"id":"29437277","type":"pubmed"}],"issue":[null],"journal":{"iso_abbreviation":"Proteomics","name":""},"pages":[null],"title":"Identification of Native and Post-Translationally Modified HLA-B*57:01-Restricted HIV Envelope Derived Epitopes Using Immunoproteomics.","type":"article","url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pmic.201700253","volume":[null],"year":[2018]},"in_pmc":"N","in_pmce":"N","open_access":"N"},"resolution":"1.45","same_as":{"pdbe":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/pdb/6bxp"},"rcsb":{"url":"https://www.rcsb.org/structure/6bxp"}},"species":{"common_name":"Human","match_type":"histo:assign_species","scientific_name":"Homo sapiens","slug":"homo_sapiens"},"tcr":null,"title":"HLA-B*57:01 binding \"RVKEKYQHLW\" at 1.45&#8491; resolution","unique_chain_count":3}}