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crystallographic studies of class I peptide-MHC molecules (pMHC) continue to provide important insights into immune recognition, however their success depends on generation of diffraction-quality crystals, which remains a significant challenge. While protein engineering techniques such as surface-entropy reduction and lysine methylation have proven utility in facilitating and/or improving protein crystallisation, they risk affecting the conformation and biochemistry of the class I MHC antigen binding groove. An attractive alternative is the use of noncovalent crystallisation chaperones, however these have not been developed for pMHC. Here we describe a method for promoting class I pMHC crystallisation, by exploiting its natural ligand interaction with the immunoregulatory receptor LILRB1 as a novel crystallisation chaperone. First, focussing on a model HIV-1-derived HLA-A2-restricted peptide, we determined a 2.4\u202f\u00c5 HLA-A2/LILRB1 structure, which validated that co-crystallisation with LILRB1 does not alter conformation of the antigenic peptide. We then demonstrated that addition of LILRB1 enhanced the crystallisation of multiple peptide-HLA-A2 complexes, and identified a generic condition for initial co-crystallisation. LILRB1 chaperone-based crystallisation enabled structure determination for HLA-A2 complexes previously intransigent to crystallisation, including both conventional and post-translationally-modified peptides, of diverse lengths. Since both the LILRB1 recognition interface on the HLA-A2 \u03b13 domain molecule and HLA-A2-mediated crystal contacts are predominantly conserved across class I MHC molecules, the approach we outline could prove applicable to a diverse range of class I pMHC. LILRB1 chaperone-mediated crystallisation should expedite molecular insights into the immunobiology of diverse immune-related diseases and immunotherapeutic strategies, particularly involving class I pMHC complexes that are challenging to crystallise.","bibjson":{"author":[{"initials":"F","lastname":"Mohammed","name":"Mohammed F"},{"initials":"DH","lastname":"Stones","name":"Stones DH"},{"initials":"BE","lastname":"Willcox","name":"Willcox BE"}],"identifier":[{"id":"10.1016/j.jim.2018.10.011","type":"doi"},{"id":"30365927","type":"pubmed"}],"issue":[null],"journal":{"iso_abbreviation":"J. Immunol. Methods","name":""},"pages":[null],"title":"Application of the immunoregulatory receptor LILRB1 as a crystallisation chaperone for human class I MHC complexes.","type":"article","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022175918302503","volume":[null],"year":[2018]},"in_pmc":"N","in_pmce":"N","open_access":"N"},"resolution":"2.39","same_as":{"pdbe":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/pdb/6ewa"},"rcsb":{"url":"https://www.rcsb.org/structure/6ewa"}},"species":{"common_name":"Human","match_type":"histo:assign_species","scientific_name":"Homo sapiens","slug":"homo_sapiens"},"tcr":null,"title":"HLA-A*02:01 binding \"ILKEPVHGV\" with LIR-1 NK receptor at 2.39Å resolution","unique_chain_count":4}}